Duplicative data detection

ABSTRACT

In some implementations, a computer-implemented method includes analyzing first data from a first data source to determine a first schema of the first data source, and analyzing second data from a second data source to determine a second schema of the second data source. The method can further include generating a first two-dimensional aggregation of a first time data series having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of a first metric, and generating a second two-dimensional aggregation of a second time data series having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of a second metric. The method can also include computing a correlation value between the first two-dimensional aggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation, and providing an indication of duplicated data between the first data source and the second data source if the correlation value meets a threshold.

BACKGROUND

Many entities store large amounts of data in cloud computing systems andin local data storage systems. Some of the stored data may be redundantdue to being captured and stored by more than one system that uploadedthe same or similar data for storage. As operating units, product areasor divisions within large entities, such as companies, privateorganizations, or government agencies, become more distributed anddispersed, it may become difficult to provide manual, top-down oversightof duplicative data storage. Such oversight may require familiarity withnumerous internal data storage systems. In practice, divisions within anentity may independently store data related to their respectivedivisions, which may trigger inefficiencies of employee activity (e.g.,data pipeline maintenance and upload time) and computationalinefficiencies (e.g., wasted data storage, increased storage time, andincreased storage cost).

The background description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description that may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure.

SUMMARY

Some implementations can include a computer-implemented method. Themethod can include programmatically analyzing first data from a firstdata source to determine a first schema of the first data source, thefirst schema including one or more dimensions (where a dimension is acategorical element of a data source) of the first data from the firstdata source, and programmatically analyzing second data from a seconddata source to determine a second schema of the second data source, thesecond schema including one or more dimensions of the second data fromthe second data source. The method can also include sampling a firstmetric (where a metric is a numerical element or a quantity in a datasource that is being summarized for comparison of data sources) based ona first time dimension of the first data source to obtain a plurality ofvalues for the first metric that form a first time data series, andsampling a second metric based on a second time dimension of the seconddata source to generate a plurality of values for the second metric thatform a second time data series.

The method can further include generating a first two-dimensionalaggregation of the first time data series having a time dimension and adimension corresponding to aggregated values of the first metric, andgenerating a second two-dimensional aggregation of the second time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the second metric. The method can also includecomputing a correlation value between the first two-dimensionalaggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation. The method canfurther include providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source if the correlation valuemeets a threshold.

In some implementations, programmatically analyzing the first datasource to determine the first schema of the first data source andprogrammatically analyzing the second data source to determine thesecond schema of the second data source can be performed using a namedentity recognition technique. The method can also include identifying,using the named entity recognition technique, one or more of at leastone dimension of the first schema of the first data source that issimilar to at least one dimension of the second schema of the seconddata source, and at least one dimension of the first schema of the firstdata source and at least one dimension of the schema of the second datasource that provide different levels of granularity of a commondimension.

In some implementations, computing the correlation value can includek-means clustering. The method can further include repeating thesampling and generating for the first data source and the second datasource using respective other metrics different from the first metricand the second metric to generate respective additional pairs oftwo-dimensional aggregations corresponding to the first data source andthe second data source, respectively. The method can also includecomputing respective correlation values between each of the respectiveadditional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations, and providing one ormore additional indications of duplicated data between the first datasource and the second data source, if one or more of the respectivecorrelation values meet the threshold.

In some implementations, sampling the first metric based on the firsttime dimension of the first data source can include sampling each valueof the first metric, and sampling the second metric based on the secondtime dimension of the second data source includes sampling each value ofthe second metric. In some implementations, providing the indication ofduplicated data can include providing a recommendation of a level ofgranularity of data to store.

The method can also include identifying one or more entity to entityrelationships based on the first schema and the second schema, andstoring the one or more entity to entity relationships in a library ofrelationships. The method can further include using the library ofrelationships to perform a duplication check for a third data source.

In some implementations, providing the indication of duplicated data caninclude providing a user interface that includes a user interfaceelement that, when selected, causes the duplicated data to be deletedfrom at least one of the first data source and the second data source.The method can further include upon selection of the user interfaceelement, deleting the duplicated data from the at least one of the firstdata source and the second data source, wherein storage space utilizedfor storage of the first data and the second data is reduced after thedeleting.

In some implementations, providing an indication of duplicated databetween the first data source and the second data source can includeautomatically deleting the duplicated data, and providing a userinterface that indicates that the duplicated data was deleted. In someimplementations, the user interface can include an element thatindicates an amount of the duplicated data. In some implementations,providing an indication of duplicated data between the first data sourceand the second data source comprises providing a confidence value forthe duplicated data.

Some implementations can include a computer-implemented method that caninclude programmatically analyzing first data from a first data sourceto determine a first schema of the first data source, the first schemaincluding one or more dimensions of the first data from the first datasource, and programmatically analyzing second data from a second datasource to determine a second schema of the second data source, thesecond schema including one or more dimensions of the second data fromthe second data source. The method can also include obtaining firstsample data from the first data source wherein the first sample dataincludes a plurality of values for a first metric and a respective firsttime value having a first time dimension, and obtaining second sampledata from the second data source wherein the second sample data includesa plurality of values for a first metric and a respective second timevalue having a second time dimension, wherein the second time dimensionis less granular than the first time dimension.

The method can further include aggregating the first sample data togenerate aggregated plurality of values for the first metric, whereinthe aggregation includes grouping respective subsets of the plurality ofvalues that are within a particular time interval. The method can alsoinclude computing a correlation value between the aggregated firstsample data and the second sample data, and providing an indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource, if the correlation value meets a threshold.

In some implementations, the particular time interval can correspond togranularity of the second time dimension. In some implementations, thefirst time dimensions can be seconds, the second time dimension can beminutes, and the particular time interval can be one minute.

Some implementations can include a system that comprises one or moreprocessors coupled to a non-transitory computer readable medium havingstored thereon software instructions that, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations.The operations can include programmatically analyzing first data from afirst data source to determine a first schema of the first data source,the first schema including one or more dimensions of the first data fromthe first data source.

The operations can also include sampling a first metric based on a firsttime dimension of the first data source to obtain a plurality of valuesfor the first metric that form a first time data series, and sampling asecond metric based on a second time dimension of a second data sourceto generate a plurality of values for the second metric that form asecond time data series, wherein the second data source has a secondschema that includes one or more dimensions. The operations can furtherinclude generating a first two-dimensional aggregation of the first timedata series having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the first metric, and generating a secondtwo-dimensional aggregation of the second time data series having a timedimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of thesecond metric.

The operations can also include computing a correlation value betweenthe first two-dimensional aggregation and the second two-dimensionalaggregation, and providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source, if the correlation valuemeets a threshold. In some implementations, programmatically analyzingthe first data source to determine the first schema of the first datasource and programmatically analyzing the second data source todetermine the second schema of the second data source are performedusing a named entity recognition technique. The operations can alsoinclude repeating the sampling and generating for the first data sourceand the second data source using respective other metrics different fromthe first metric and the second metric to generate respective additionalpairs of two-dimensional aggregations corresponding to the first datasource and the second data source, respectively. The operations canfurther include computing respective correlation values between each ofthe respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations, and, ifone or more of the respective correlation values meet the threshold,providing one or more additional indications of duplicated data betweenthe first data source and the second data source.

In some implementations, providing the indication of duplicated dataincludes providing a user interface that includes a user interfaceelement that, when selected, causes the duplicated data to be deletedfrom at least one of the first data source and the second data source,and wherein the operations further include, upon selection of the userinterface element, deleting the duplicated data from the at least one ofthe first data source and the second data source, wherein storage spaceutilized for storage of the first data and the second data is reducedafter the deleting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example cloud computing/storage environmentwith duplicative data detection in accordance with some implementations;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example duplicative data detection system inaccordance with some implementations;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example duplicative data detection serviceprovided through a third party cloud computing provider in accordancewith some implementations;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example cloud computing/storage system with anintegrated duplicative data detection system in accordance with someimplementations;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example duplicative data detection system inaccordance with some implementations;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are flowcharts showing example duplicative datadetection methods in accordance with some implementations;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod in accordance with some implementations;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod in accordance with some implementations;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example device which may be used for oneor more implementations described herein; and

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example environment of data sources and aduplicative data detection system in accordance with someimplementations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Implementations of the subject matter in this application relate todetection of duplicative data, which can include data that is the sameor similar and/or data stores having duplicative intents.

Two or more different data sources or files (e.g., log files) maycomprise duplicative data, i.e. data that is present in each one of thetwo or more files. In some cases, the presence of duplicative data maycause an increased processing effort. Thus, the corresponding processingsystem will process (and possibly store) some data several timesalthough one-time processing would be enough, which leads to a decreasedefficiency of the processing system and waste of computing resourcessuch as data storage capacity. A data source can include streaming data(e.g., data sent by an IoT sensor over a network), one or more files(e.g., log recordings by a sensor or other system), and databases (e.g.,an organized data collection with a known schema).

In other cases, duplicative data may comprise similar data, i.e. datawith a certain degree (e.g., predetermined percentage) of similarity.Since the data is not exactly the same, searching for exact duplicates,as done usually, may not be sufficient. Further, similar data in onefile may be used to remedy deficiencies (e.g., insufficient data) inanother file.

Therefore, a need for a methodology for a more reliable detection ofduplicative data in data files still exists such that an improvedoperating of processing systems using the respective data files may beprovided.

Some implementations can include method for automated detection ofduplicative data in two or more different files (e.g. log files). Forexample, the method can include using machine learning techniques toidentify duplicate (e.g., the same data logged by multiple systemswithin a large enterprise) or similar stored data, or duplicate orsimilar data logging intentions (e.g., data that has been logged in twodifferent places and in two different ways that contains duplicativeinformation) and learn relationships between entities within data logs.Some implementations provide an advantage of detecting duplicative datathat may otherwise go undetected. For example, by detecting duplicativelogging intentions (e.g., logging given data by state and by countrymade up of states), an implementation can identify duplicate data thatis not exactly the same data and could possibly be missed by systemsmerely checking for exact duplicate records. A user can be prompted todiscard duplicate data.

In some implementations, the method can include programmaticallyanalyzing a first data source to determine a first schema of the firstdata source including one or more dimensions of data in the first datasource, and programmatically analyzing a second data source to determinea second schema of the second data source including one or moredimensions of data in the second data source. The method can alsoinclude sampling a first metric along a first time dimension of thefirst data source to generate a plurality of values for the first metricthat form a first time data series, and sampling a second metric along asecond time dimension of the second data source to generate a pluralityof values for the second metric that form a second time data series.

The method can further include generating a first two-dimensionalaggregation of the first time data series having a time dimension and adimension corresponding to aggregated values of the first metric, andgenerating a second two-dimensional aggregation of the second time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the second metric. The method can also includecomputing a correlation value between the first two-dimensionalaggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation. The method canfurther include providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source when the correlation valuemeets a threshold. In some implementations, computing the correlationvalue can include k-means clustering.

In some implementations, programmatically analyzing the first datasource to determine the schema of the first data source andprogrammatically analyzing the second data source to determine thesecond schema of the second data source are performed using a NamedEntity Recognition (NER) technique. The method can also includeidentifying, using the NER technique, one or more of: at least onedimension of the first schema of the first data source that is similarto at least one dimension of the second schema of the second datasource, and at least one dimension of the schema of the first datasource and at least one dimension of the schema of the second datasource that provide different levels of granularity of a commondimension. Similarity of data source dimensions can include dimensionsthat are the same (e.g., both dimensions are “distance in kilometers” or“distance in metric units” or “temperature” (which can easily beconverted from F to C and vice versa), etc.

The method can also include repeating the sampling and generating forthe first data source and the second data source using respective othermetrics different from the first metric and the second metric togenerate another pair of two-dimensional aggregations corresponding tothe first data source and the second data source, respectively. Themethod can further include computing another correlation value betweenthe other pair of two-dimensional aggregations, and, when the othercorrelation value meets the threshold, providing another indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource.

Sampling the first metric along the first time dimension of the firstdata source can include sampling each value of the first metric.Sampling the second metric along the second time dimension of the seconddata source can include sampling each value of the second metric.Providing the indication of duplicated data can include providing arecommendation of a level of granularity of data to store in a singledata source. The sampling can be performed within a particular timeperiod based on the first/second time dimension.

The method can also include learning one or more entity to entityrelationships based on the first schema and the second schema, andidentifying at least one dimension of the schema of the first log datasource that is similar to at least one dimension of a schema of a secondlog data source. The method can further include storing learnedrelationships in a library of learned relationships, and using thelibrary of learned relationships to perform a duplication check for athird data source. In some implementations, the indication of duplicateddata can include a recommendation to delete the duplicated data and auser interface element that, when selected, causes the duplicated datato be deleted.

By the detection of duplicative data in two or more different files, asdescribed herein, an accurate detection of duplicative data is enabledthat besides the improved and reliable detection of exact duplicativedata allows also a reliable detection of similar duplicative data. Thisimproved duplicated data detection contributes to a more efficientoperation of processing system(s) that have to handle or operate basedon or by use of the two or more different files. The increasedefficiency leads further to a resource saving operation of therespective processing systems. The efficiency is increased in view of atleast one of: detection and deletion of duplicative data and, if theduplicative data refers to similar data, also in view of the possibilityto supplement data of one file by similar data of another file, i.e. inview of the possibility to remedy insufficiencies of data in the onefile.

In some implementations, a duplicative data detection system can be partof a cloud computing/storage system. FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of anexample environment 100, which may be used in some implementationsdescribed herein. In some implementations, environment 100 includes atleast one cloud computing/storage system 102. The cloudcomputing/storage system 102 can communicate with a network 112, forexample. The cloud computing/storage system 102 can include at least oneserver device 104, a data store 106 or other data storage system ordevice, a duplicative data detection system 108, and a duplicative datadetection application program interface (API) 110. The duplicative datadetection system 108 and API 110 can be integrated into one system(e.g., having its own processor or processors) and may be a standalonesystem (e.g., provided as part of the cloud computing/storage system102) or may be integrated with the server device 104.

Environment 100 also can include one or more client devices, e.g.,client devices 114 and 116, which may communicate with each other and/orwith the cloud computing/storage system 102 via network 112. Network 112can be any type of communication network, including one or more of theInternet, local area networks (LAN), wireless networks, switch or hubconnections, etc. In some implementations, network 112 can includepeer-to-peer communication between devices, e.g., using peer-to-peerwireless protocols (e.g., Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi Direct, etc.), etc.

For ease of illustration, FIG. 1 shows one block for cloudcomputing/storage system 102, server device 104, data store 106, andshows two blocks for client devices 114-116. Blocks 102, 104, 106, 108,114, and 116 may represent multiple systems, server devices, and networkdata stores, and the blocks can be provided in different configurationsthan shown. In some implementations, the cloud computing/storage system102 and client devices 114-116 may be controlled and/or operated bydifferent owners or parties.

For example, cloud computing/storage system 102 can represent multipleserver systems that can communicate with other server systems via thenetwork 112. In some implementations, the server device 104 can includecloud hosting servers, and the data store 106 can include a cloudstorage system, for example. In some examples, the data store 106 and/orother data storage devices can be provided in systems that areintegrated with or separate from the server device 104, and cancommunicate with the server device 104, and other server systems vianetwork 112.

Also, there may be any number of client devices. Each client device canbe any type of electronic device, e.g., desktop computer, laptopcomputer, portable or mobile device, cell phone, smart phone, tabletcomputer, television, TV set top box or entertainment device, cameras,home speaker, videoconferencing systems, wearable devices (e.g., displayglasses or goggles, wristwatch, headset, armband, jewelry, etc.),personal digital assistant (PDA), media player, game device,Internet-Of-Things (IoT) devices (e.g., smart locks, thermostats, homespeakers, air quality sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors,smoke detectors, security cameras, alarms, etc.), industrial or officeequipment (e.g., industrial sensors; factory equipment;telecommunication equipment such as switches, routers, hubs; printers;copiers; scanners; etc.) etc. Some client devices may also have a localdata store similar to data store 106 or other storage. In someimplementations, environment 100 may not have all of the componentsshown and/or may have other elements including other types of elementsinstead of, or in addition to, those described herein.

Respective client devices 114-116 may communicate data to and from oneor more cloud computing/storage systems, e.g., cloud computing/storagesystem 102. In some implementations, the cloud computing/storage system102 may retrieve and provide retrieved stored data to the client devices114-116.

In some implementations, any of cloud computing/storage system 102,and/or one or more client devices 120-126 can provide a duplicative datadetection application or duplicative data detection program. Theduplicative data detection program can provide one or more associateduser interfaces that are displayed on a display device associated withthe cloud computing/storage system or one or more of the client devices.The user interface may provide various information to a user regardingdetection of duplicative data (if any) and also provide options to auser to select how to handle duplicative data, such as ignoringduplicative data, removing duplicative data, etc.

The duplicative data detection functions provided by the duplicativedata detection system 108 can be invoked by request from the serverdevice 104 to the duplicative data detection system 108 directly or viathe API 110. The duplicative data detection functions can also beinvoked by request or call from one or more of the client devices114-116 via the API 110 or directly via the duplicative data detectionsystem 108. For example, a program running on the server device 104 oron one of the client devices 114-116 can request duplicative datadetection via the API 110. The API 110 provides an interface to theduplicative data detection system 108, which can receive and acknowledgethe request, perform duplicative data detection (e.g., on a portion ofdata stored in data store 106 associated with one or more of the clientdevices 114-116), and return the results of duplicative data detectionrequest to the requesting device or system. The duplicative datadetection can include performing one or more operations or sequences ofoperations to detect duplicative data as described herein (e.g., one ormore of 602-616, 702-714, and/or 802-812).

Duplicative data detection can also be performed automatically on aperiodic basis (e.g., weekly, monthly, daily, etc.), or in response toan event such as the establishment of a new data storage area, newlyadded/modified quantity of data, change in available storagecapacity/budget, addition of a new data source, etc.

In some implementations, a duplicative data detection service can be aseparate third party service provided by a system separate from a cloudcomputing/storage system and from a client system. FIG. 2 is a diagramof an example duplicative data detection environment 200 in accordancewith some implementations. In particular, environment 200 includes acloud computing/storage system 202 having one or more server devices 204and a data store 206. The environment 200 also includes a standaloneduplicative data detection service 208 (separate from the cloudcomputing/storage system 202, e.g., operated by a different entity) andcorresponding API 210. The duplicative data detection service 208 and/orAPI 210 are coupled to a network 212. A client system 216 is coupled toa local data store 214 and to the network 212.

In operation, the client system 216 can request duplicative datadetection services from the duplicative data detection service 208(e.g., via a web services request, or via the API 210, etc.) to beperformed on the local data store 214 or a cloud computing/storage datastore (e.g., 206). The duplicative data detection can include performingone or more operations or sequences of operations to detect duplicativedata as described herein (e.g., one or more of 602-616, 702-714, and/or802-812). The duplicative data detection service 208 can be a servicethat is owned and/or operated by a third party that is independent of,and/or different than, the owner/operator of the client system 216and/or the cloud computing/storage system 202.

If duplicative data is detected between a first data source and a seconddata source within the data store 206, the duplicative data detectionservice 208 can provide an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source if a correlation value (asdiscussed in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7) of duplicative data in thefirst data source and the second data source meets a threshold. Theindication can be provided from the duplicative data detection service208 (e.g., via API 210) to the client system 216 (or to the cloudcomputing/storage system 202 if the request for duplicative datadetection originated from the cloud computing/storage system 202).

In some implementations, providing the indication of duplicated data caninclude providing a user interface (or information to be included in auser interface) that includes a user interface element that, whenselected, causes the duplicated data to be deleted from at least one ofthe first data source and the second data source. The method can furtherinclude upon selection of the user interface element, deleting theduplicated data from the at least one of the first data source and thesecond data source, wherein storage space utilized for storage of thefirst data and the second data is reduced after the deleting.

In some implementations, providing an indication of duplicated databetween the first data source and the second data source can includeautomatically deleting the duplicated data, and providing a userinterface that indicates that the duplicated data was deleted. Inaddition to or as an alternative to deleting the duplicated data, othertechniques can be used to handle duplicated data such as storing incompressed form, storing on cheaper data storage (e.g., magnetic diskvs. solid state drive), storing in offline storage (e.g., tape drives,backup systems, etc. where the data is not immediately available), etc.In some implementations, the user interface can include an element thatindicates an amount of the duplicated data. For example, an indicationof the amount of duplicated data can include a percentage of data thatis duplicative, size of duplicate data in bytes, cost of storage forduplicate data and expected savings (e.g., save $x per month by removingduplicate data). In some implementations, providing an indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second data sourcecomprises providing a confidence value for the duplicated data.

In some implementations, a duplicative data detection system can operatein connection with a third party cloud computing/storage serviceprovider. FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example duplicative data detectionservice environment 300 where the duplicative data detection service isprovided through a third party cloud computing provider in accordancewith some implementations. In particular, the environment 300 includes acloud computing/storage system 302 having one or more server device(s)304 and a data store 306. The environment 300 also includes aduplicative data detection system 308, a duplicative data detection API310, a third party cloud service provider system 312, and a clientsystem 314.

In operation, the third party cloud service provider system 312 mayprovide cloud computing and/or storage services to one or more clients(e.g., 314). The cloud computing/storage services provided by the thirdparty cloud service provider system 312 may originate from the cloudcomputing/storage system 302, which may be owned/operated by a partydifferent than the party than owns/operates the third party cloudservice provider system 312 and/or the client system 314.

The third party cloud service provider system 312 can requestduplicative data detection services on behalf of the client system 314(e.g., via API 310). The duplicative data detection system 308 canperform duplicative data detection operations (e.g., one or more of602-616, 702-714, and/or 802-812).

If duplicative data is detected between a first data source and a seconddata source within the data store 306, the cloud computing/storagesystem 302 can provide an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source if a correlation value (asdiscussed in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7) of duplicative data in thefirst data source and the second data source meets a threshold. Theindication can be provided from the duplicative data detection system308 (e.g., via API 310) to the third party cloud service provider system312, which can provide the indication of duplicative data to the clientsystem 314.

In some implementations, providing the indication of duplicated data caninclude providing a user interface (or information to be included in auser interface) that includes a user interface element that, whenselected, causes the duplicated data to be deleted from at least one ofthe first data source and the second data source. The method can furtherinclude upon selection of the user interface element, deleting theduplicated data from the at least one of the first data source and thesecond data source, wherein storage space utilized for storage of thefirst data and the second data is reduced after the deleting.

In some implementations, providing an indication of duplicated databetween the first data source and the second data source can includeautomatically deleting the duplicated data, and providing a userinterface that indicates that the duplicated data was deleted. In someimplementations, the user interface can include an element thatindicates an amount of the duplicated data. In some implementations,providing an indication of duplicated data between the first data sourceand the second data source comprises providing a confidence value forthe duplicated data.

The APIs (e.g., 110, 210, and/or 310) can be separate or integrated withrespective duplicative data detection systems (e.g., 108, 208, and/or308).

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example environment 400 in which a cloudcomputing/storage system 402 includes an integrated duplicative datadetection system 408. The example environment 400 includes two clientsystems 412, 414 coupled to a network 410. The cloud computing/storagesystem 402 includes at least one server device 404, a data store 406,and a duplicative data detection system 408.

In operation, as client (412 or 414) stores data into the data store406, the server device 404 can request duplicative data detection fromthe duplicative data detection system 408. The request for duplicativedata detection can be sent as new data storage sections are establishedin the data store 406, or periodically.

If duplicative data is detected between a first data source and a seconddata source within the data store 406, the cloud computing/storagesystem 402 can provide an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source if a correlation value (asdiscussed in connection with FIGS. 6 and 7) of duplicative data in thefirst data source and the second data source meets a threshold. In someimplementations, data coming from the client system 412 and/or theclient system 414 can have duplicative data detected and removed by theduplicative data detection system 408 prior to storing the data in datastore 406.

In some implementations, providing the indication of duplicated data caninclude providing a user interface (or information to be included in auser interface) that includes a user interface element that, whenselected, causes the duplicated data to be deleted from at least one ofthe first data source and the second data source. The method can furtherinclude upon selection of the user interface element, deleting theduplicated data from the at least one of the first data source and thesecond data source, wherein storage space utilized for storage of thefirst data and the second data is reduced after the deleting.

In some implementations, providing an indication of duplicated databetween the first data source and the second data source can includeautomatically deleting (or otherwise handling) the duplicated data, andproviding a user interface that indicates that the duplicated data wasdeleted. In some implementations, the user interface can include anelement that indicates an amount of the duplicated data. In someimplementations, providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source comprises providing aconfidence value for the duplicated data.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example duplicative data detection application500 in accordance with some implementations. The duplicative datadetection application 500 includes control logic 502, a user interface504, an API 506, schema detection module 508, data similarityidentification logic 510, data store interface 512, and learnedhierarchies library 514.

The control logic can include logic encoded as software instructionsand/or as hardware logic that when executed causes one or moreprocessors to perform operations for duplicative data detection (e.g.,one or more of methods 600, 700, and/or 800). The control logic canaccomplish duplicative data detection tasks in conjunction with otherelements of the duplicative data detection application 500. For example,the control logic can receive a request to detect duplicative data viathe user interface 504 or the API 506.

In performing the duplicative data detection task, the control logic 502can utilize the schema detection module 508 for programmaticallyanalyzing first data from a first data source to determine a firstschema of the first data source, where the first schema can include oneor more dimensions of the first data from the first data source. Theschema detection module could optionally be used to programmaticallyanalyze second data from a second data source to determine a secondschema of the second data source, where the second schema can includeone or more dimensions of the second data from the second data source.One or more of the data sources may have a known schema and may not needthe programmatic analysis to determine the schema. Programmaticallyanalyzing can include using one or more processors to analyze data fromone or more sources within a data store to determine a schema of thedata, which can include using named entity recognition to determine theschema. Named entity recognition can be used to identify dimensionswithin a schema that may be similar or may provide different tiers,levels, or layers of granularity.

For example, data from a first data source may be sampled on a firsttime dimension (e.g., seconds) and data from a second data source may besample on a second time dimension (e.g., minutes). The data from thefirst and second data sources may be grouped according to a dimensionsuch as a particular time interval, which may correspond to thegranularity of the second time dimension (e.g., where the particularinterval is one minute) because the first dimension may be more fine(e.g., seconds) than the second time dimension (e.g., minutes) thesamples from the first time dimension can be grouped into intervals ofthe second time dimension. While the schema detection module 508 isshown as part of the duplicative data detection application 500, schemadetection can be performed by an external system such as a named entityrecognition (NER) system or service.

In another example, the named entity recognition process may recognize astate tier within a data source as a location and may also recognize acountry tier within a data source as a location, where the country maybe comprised of states. The named entity recognition can recognizerelationships such as geography (e.g., area, city, county, state, andcountry), location (e.g., room, building floor, building, buildinggroup, campus, etc.), age (e.g., numeric age, age range grouping, e.g.,0-12, 13-18,19-25, etc.), temperature (e.g., degrees, warm, hot, cold),etc. Thus, the named entity recognition may be able to programmaticallyanalyze the schema of data sources to determine and learn hierarchicalrelationships (e.g., via a machine learning technique as discussed belowin connection with FIG. 9) between various dimensions within the datasources. These learned hierarchies can be stored in the learnedhierarchies library 514 to be reused as new data sources areencountered. The learned hierarchies from the learned hierarchieslibrary 514 can be used as an initial (or “step 0”) check on all newdata sources to determine if duplicative data or a duplicative datastoring intent is possibly present in the new data source with respectto an existing data source. For example, a relationship could include“the sum of bytes across all unique household IDs is equal to the bytesreported for an LCP.” This relationship (e.g., LCP=sum(households)) canbe stored as a learned hierarchy for future use and permits the systemto use learned hierarchies or relationships and not have to re-learnthem.

Once the duplicative data detection application 500 determines theschema of two or more data sources and determines any hierarchies, theduplicative data detection application 500 can proceed to perform datasimilarity operations on the data sources using data similarityidentification logic 510. Determining data similarity can include usingthe categories returned from the named entity recognition for the twodata sources being analyzed (categories provided by named entityrecognition can provide additional context to dimensions, e.g.,location, person, etc.) and iteratively aggregating over the dimensionsof the first data source and the dimensions of the second data sourceand assessing the correlation between the aggregated dimensions of thefirst and second data sources. To improve the processing time andresources used for the correlation, the dimensions of the first datasource and the second data source may be sampled along a time series (orother dimension) and the sampled data may be used for the aggregationand correlation.

For example, the data similarity identification logic 510 can includeinstructions for sampling a first metric based on a first time dimensionof the first data source to obtain a plurality of values for the firstmetric that form a first time data series, and sampling a second metricbased on a second time dimension of the second data source to generate aplurality of values for the second metric that form a second time dataseries.

The data similarity identification logic 510 can include instructionsfor generating a first two-dimensional aggregation of the first timedata series having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the first metric, and generating a secondtwo-dimensional aggregation of the second time data series having a timedimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of thesecond metric. The data similarity identification logic 510 can includeinstructions for computing a correlation value between the firsttwo-dimensional aggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation.

In some implementations, the correlation value can be computed using adistance measure such as k-means clustering or correlation (or othersuitable distance measuring technique) to determine a distance betweenthe two two-dimensional aggregations. The correlation value can be basedon the distance, for example, where a smaller distance indicates ahigher correlation. Also, a confidence score can be determined based onthe distance. For example, the smaller the distance, the higher thecorresponding confidence score may be. In some implementations,candidate correlations can be taken from the correlations that meet athreshold and a precise aggregation can be performed on the dimensionsin the candidate correlations using unsampled data (e.g., data notsampled across a time series). However, it will be appreciated thatperforming precise correlations may be more computationally intensivethan performing correlation on sampled dimensions and may not be used oravailable in certain situations.

If the correlation value (e.g., from the sample correlation, or theunsampled correlation if available) meets a threshold, then theduplicative data detection application 500 can provide an indication (asdiscussed herein) of duplicated data between the first data source andthe second data source (e.g., via the user interface 504 and/or the API506). The threshold value can vary based on application, clientspecification, or other factors. For example, thresholds may be clientspecified (e.g. above 90%), application dependent, stringent (100%),and/or may change over time (e.g., as volume of data grows, budget forstorage changes, number of data sources that cover a location increases,etc.). The duplicative data detection application 500 can include a datastore interface 512. For example, the data store interface module caninclude interface logic for interfacing the duplicative data detectionsystem with a cloud computing/storage system (e.g., 102, 202, 302, 402),a local data store (e.g., 214), or other data store, database, or anydata storage device or system. The duplicative data detectionapplication 500 may be a standalone system (e.g., 208 or 308) or part ofa cloud computing/storage system (e.g., 108 or 408) or other system.

FIG. 6A is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod 600 in accordance with some implementations. Method 600 will bedescribed in connection with an example use case of duplicative datadetection in an Internet service provider (ISP) network as shown in FIG.10.

Method 600 begins at 602, which includes programmatically analyzingfirst data from a first data source to determine a first schema of thefirst data source. The first schema can include one or more dimensionsof the first data from the first data source. A schema can include theorganization of a data source and identification of one or moredimensions (e.g., a categorical element of a data source that can berepresented by structured labeling information and can be the “bucket”that is summarizing a metric) of the data source. Programmaticallyanalyzing can include using one or more processors to analyze data fromone or more data sources to determine a schema of the data, which caninclude using named entity recognition to determine the schema. Namedentity recognition can be used to identify dimensions within a schemathat may be similar or that provide different respective tiers, levels,or layers of granularity.

In the ISP example, as shown in FIG. 10, a first data source 1002 caninclude a first data log that logs how many bytes are downloaded persecond per household. The ISP network includes a local convergence point1006 (or LCP) that comprises a plurality of households 1008-1012. Datafrom households is stored int eh first data source 1002. Data for theLCP is stored in a second data source 1004. The first schema couldinclude dimensions of time stamp 1018, household ID 1020, TV softwareversion 1022, and bytes downloaded 1024. It will be appreciated that theexample shown in FIG. 10 and described here is simplistic for purposesof illustration and explanation. Some implementations could include aduplicative data detection system that analyzes data sources having moreor less dimensions and/or metrics and more or less data than that shownin FIG. 10. Processing continues to 604.

At 604, second data from a second data source is programmaticallyanalyzed to determine a second schema of the second data source. Thesecond schema can include one or more dimensions of the second data fromthe second data source. Programmatically analyzing can include using oneor more processors to analyze data from one or more data sources todetermine a schema of the data, which can include using named entityrecognition to determine the schema. Named entity recognition can beused to identify dimensions within a schema that may be similar or thatprovide different respective tiers, levels, or layers of granularity.

Continuing with the ISP example, the second data source 1004 can includea source logging all bytes downloaded for the ISP network's localconvergence point (or LCP) 1006 and the schema may include time stamp1026, and bytes downloaded for LCP 1028. Processing continues to 606.

At 606, a first metric based on a first time dimension of the first datasource is sampled to obtain a plurality of values for the first metricthat form a first time data series.

For the ISP example, the bytes downloaded per household could be sampledby a duplicative data detection system 1014 by summing a sample of thebytes downloaded metric along the time dimension 1018 aggregated for allhousehold IDs 1020. The initial sampling could be random with respect tothe time dimension. Processing continues to 608.

At 608, a second metric based on a second time dimension of the seconddata source is sampled to generate a plurality of values for the secondmetric that form a second time data series.

For the ISP example, the bytes downloaded 1028 for the LCP could besampled by the duplicative data detection system 1014 across a timedimension 1026. The initial sampling could be random with respect to thetime dimension. Processing continues to 610.

At 610, a first two-dimensional aggregation of the first time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the first metric is generated. For the ISP example,this could be the aggregate of household bytes downloaded over time.Processing continues to 612.

At 612, a second two-dimensional aggregation of the second time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the second metric is generated. For the ISPexample, this could be the LCP bytes downloaded over time. Processingcontinues to 614.

At 614, a correlation value between the first two-dimensionalaggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation is computed. Thecorrelation can include using a clustering technique such as k-meansclustering or other similar clustering or correlation technique toproduce a representation of distance between two trend lines (e.g., thefirst and second two-dimensional aggregations). For the ISP example,because the household and LCP data were randomly sampled across time,the trend lines for the two samplings may not match precisely, but theduplicative data detection system 1014 may determine that the two trendlines match closely enough (e.g., after correlation using k-meansclustering or other suitable technique) based on the distance betweenthe two trend lines meeting a threshold value (e.g., being within agiven distance, percentage, or other value of each other). Processingcontinues to 616.

At 616, if the correlation value meets a threshold, an indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second data sourceis provided. In the ISP example, the duplicative data detection systemcould provide an indication 1016 (or result, action, or recommendationas discussed herein) that indicates LCP bytes downloaded (e.g., in thesecond data source 1004) is duplicative of the bytes per second perhousehold data log (e.g., 1002), and that the bytes per second perhousehold is a more granular data source. The indication 1016 caninclude a recommendation to retain the more granular data source (e.g.,1002) and discard the duplicative, less granular data source (e.g., thebytes downloaded dimension of the LCP data source).

The method 600 can optionally further include repeating the sampling andgenerating for the first data source and the second data source usingrespective other metrics different from the first metric and the secondmetric to generate respective additional pairs of two-dimensionalaggregations corresponding to the first data source and the second datasource, respectively. For example, the sampling and generating could beperformed on other dimensions of the first and second data sources.

The method can include computing respective correlation values betweeneach of the respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations,and, if one or more of the respective correlation values meet thethreshold, providing one or more additional indications of duplicateddata between the first data source and the second data source. Forexample, returning to the ISP example, because the duplicative datadetection system may not know, a priori, that the correct dimension toaggregate across is household ID, the repeating may be conducted for thevarious dimensions of the data sources (e.g., TV software version 1022,device type, etc.) to check for correlations between those dimensionsand dimensions of the LCP data source. Some of the various dimensionsfor which the sampling, generating and correlating are performed mayyield trend lines that have some degree of matching (e.g., are a certaindistance apart), however there may be pairs of trend lines for which thedistance between the two is within a threshold distance (e.g., the trendlines for aggregate household bytes downloaded and LCP bytes downloaded)such that the data represented by those trend lines is determined to beduplicative.

Aggregating across the household ID dimension, in this example, willyield the closest match because the LCP bytes downloaded is an aggregateof the household bytes downloaded. In other words, iterating over thevarious dimensions of the data sources will permit the duplicative datadetection system to derive the relationship of “the sum of bytes acrossall unique household IDs is equal to the bytes reported for an LCP.”This relationship (e.g., LCP=sum(households)) can be stored as a learnedhierarchy for future use and permits the system to use learnedhierarchies or relationships and not have to re-learn them. In someimplementations, the sampling and generating could be performed usingunsampled data (e.g., sampling could include sampling each value of agiven metric), and correlated to generate an indication of a correlationof unsampled data could be used as a confirmation of the initialcorrelation determined from sampled data.

It will be appreciated that while method 600 describes using first andsecond time dimensions, other dimensions could be used such as location,device type, etc. In general any dimension suitable for use in thesampling and generating as described above could be used.

In addition to the steps mentioned above, method 600 can optionallyfurther include identifying, using the named entity recognitiontechnique (or other suitable technique), one or more of at least onedimension of the first schema of the first data source that is similarto at least one dimension of the second schema of the second datasource, and at least one dimension of the first schema of the first datasource and at least one dimension of the schema of the second datasource that provide different levels of granularity of a commondimension.

In addition to the steps mentioned above, method 600 can optionallyfurther include identifying one or more entity to entity relationshipsbased on the first schema and the second schema, and storing the one ormore entity to entity relationships in a library of relationships. Themethod can also include using the library of relationships to perform aduplication check for a third data source, for example when a new datasource is added to a data store.

FIG. 6B is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod 601 in accordance with some implementations. Method 601 begins at618, which includes programmatically analyzing first data from a firstdata source to determine a first schema of the first data source. Thefirst schema can include one or more dimensions of the first data fromthe first data source. A schema can include the organization of a datasource and identification of one or more dimensions (e.g., a categoricalelement of a data source that can be represented by structured labelinginformation and can be the “bucket” that is summarizing a metric) of thedata source. Programmatically analyzing can include using one or moreprocessors to analyze data from one or more data sources to determine aschema of the data, which can include using named entity recognition todetermine the schema. Named entity recognition can be used to identifydimensions within a schema that may be similar or that provide differentrespective tiers, levels, or layers of granularity. Processing continuesto 620.

At 620, a first metric based on a first time dimension of the first datasource is sampled to obtain a plurality of values for the first metricthat form a first time data series.

At 622, a second metric based on a second time dimension of the seconddata source is sampled to generate a plurality of values for the secondmetric that form a second time data series. Processing continues to 610.

At 624, a first two-dimensional aggregation of the first time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the first metric is generated. For the ISP example,this could be the aggregate of household bytes downloaded over time.Processing continues to 626.

At 626, a second two-dimensional aggregation of the second time dataseries having a time dimension and a dimension corresponding toaggregated values of the second metric is generated. For the ISPexample, this could be the LCP bytes downloaded over time. Processingcontinues to 628.

At 628, a correlation value between the first two-dimensionalaggregation and the second two-dimensional aggregation is computed. Thecorrelation can include using a clustering technique such as k-meansclustering or other similar clustering or correlation technique toproduce a representation of distance between two trend lines (e.g., thefirst and second two-dimensional aggregations). Processing continues to630.

At 30, if the correlation value meets a threshold, an indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second data sourceis provided. The indication can include a recommendation to retain themore granular data source and discard the duplicative, less granulardata source.

The method 601 can optionally further include repeating the sampling andgenerating for the first data source and the second data source usingrespective other metrics different from the first metric and the secondmetric to generate respective additional pairs of two-dimensionalaggregations corresponding to the first data source and the second datasource, respectively. For example, the sampling and generating could beperformed on other dimensions of the first and second data sources.

The method can include computing respective correlation values betweeneach of the respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations,and, if one or more of the respective correlation values meet thethreshold, providing one or more additional indications of duplicateddata between the first data source and the second data source.

In some implementations, the sampling and generating could be performedusing unsampled data (e.g., sampling could include sampling each valueof a given metric), and correlated to generate an indication of acorrelation of unsampled data could be used as a confirmation of theinitial correlation determined from sampled data.

It will be appreciated that while method 601 describes using first andsecond time dimensions, other dimensions could be used such as location,device type, etc. In general any dimension suitable for use in thesampling and generating as described above could be used.

In addition to the steps mentioned above, method 601 can optionallyfurther include identifying, using the named entity recognitiontechnique (or other suitable technique), one or more of at least onedimension of the first schema of the first data source that is similarto at least one dimension of the second schema of the second datasource, and at least one dimension of the first schema of the first datasource and at least one dimension of the schema of the second datasource that provide different levels of granularity of a commondimension.

In addition to the steps mentioned above, method 601 can optionallyfurther include identifying one or more entity to entity relationshipsbased on the first schema and the second schema, and storing the one ormore entity to entity relationships in a library of relationships. Themethod can also include using the library of relationships to perform aduplication check for a third data source, for example when a new datasource is added to a data store.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod 700 in accordance with some implementations. Method 700 begins at702, which includes programmatically analyzing first data from a firstdata source to determine a first schema of the first data source. Thefirst schema can include one or more dimensions of the first data fromthe first data source. Processing continues to 704.

At 704, second data from a second data source is programmaticallyanalyzed to determine a second schema of the second data source. Thesecond schema can include one or more dimensions of the second data fromthe second data source. Processing continues to 706.

At 706, first sample data is obtained from the first data source. Thefirst sample data can include a plurality of values for a first metricand a respective first time value having a first time dimension.Processing continues to 708.

At 708, second sample data is obtained from the second data source. Thesecond sample data can include a plurality of values for a first metricand a respective second time value having a second time dimension. Insome implementations, the second time dimension can be less granularthan the first time dimension. Processing continues to 710.

At 710, the first sample data is aggregated to generate aggregatedplurality of values for the first metric. The aggregation can includegrouping respective subsets of the plurality of values along a givendimension that are within a particular time interval. Processingcontinues to 712.

At 712, a correlation value between the aggregated first sample data andthe second sample data is computed. The correlation value can becomputed using k-means clustering or other suitable techniques.Processing continues to 714.

At 714, an indication of duplicated data between the first data sourceand the second data source is provided if the correlation value meets athreshold.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an example duplicative data detectionmethod 800 in accordance with some implementations. Method 800 begins at802, where creation of a new data source is detected in a cloud storagesystem (or other storage system). The new data source could beautomatically detected or could be detected based on a signal or messagefrom the cloud storage system. Processing continues to 804.

At 804, upon the new data source being established, the cloud storagesystem requests duplicative data assessment of a data sample from thenew data source. The request for duplicative data detection could bemade directly to the duplicative data detection system or made via anAPI or other suitable interface. Processing continues to 806.

At 806, the duplicative data detection system performs an analysis(e.g., as described above) and returns a result to the cloud storagesystem. The result can include an indication of no data duplication, orsome data duplication and, optionally, an indication of an extent ofduplication. The indication can also include an identification of theexisting data source(s) that are duplicative with the new data source.Processing continues to 808.

At 808, the cloud storage system provides an indication of duplicativedata to a client associated with the new data source. The indicationcould be provided via a user interface, an API or the like. Processingcontinues to 810.

At 810, the cloud storage system receives a response from the clientsystem. The response can include, for example, an indication to take noaction, to discard duplicative data, etc. Processing continues to 812.

At 812, the cloud storage system takes an action based on the responsereceived from the client system. For example, the cloud storage systemmay discard the data that is duplicative and less granular than otherdata present in the data store.

The duplicative data detection methods and systems described herein canbe provided as an API for users of a cloud storage service. Theduplicative data detection system could receive a request (e.g., via theAPI) for duplicative data detection from a user of the cloud storagesystem. In response, the duplicative data detection system could performduplicative data detection (e.g., one or more of methods 600, 700, and800). Based on the duplicative data detection results, the system couldprovide an indication of duplicative data (if any) and a recommendationfor reducing duplicative data and optionally an indication of bandwidthsavings, cost savings, storage savings, etc. The underlying cloudstorage system could, upon receiving an indication from the user to doso, automatically perform de-duplication and, with permission of theuser, not store similar duplicative data in the future.

In another example, a user may be storing certain data in a data storeand performing operations on that data. The operations utilize certaindimensions of the data. An implementation of the duplicative datadetection system could determine which portions of customer data tostore based on the operations being performed by correlating thedimensions or results of the operations with the incoming data beingstored.

In another example, a duplicative data detection system could determinethat two devices are storing duplicative data. As a response to thedetermination, the system could communicate to one of the devices tostop the one device from storing the duplicative data. Such animplementation could reduce data communications, processing and storagecosts.

In yet another example, a duplicative data detection system could beused to detect duplicative data for long term data stores. Theduplicative data detection could be applied to data marked for storagein a long term data store to help reduce duplicative data being sent tolong term storage. Also, duplicative data detection could be performedon data already in long term storage to help reduce the size of the longterm storage by eliminating duplicative data from the long term storage.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example device 900 which may be used toimplement one or more features described herein. In one example, device900 may be used to implement a client device, e.g., any of clientdevices 120-126 shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, device 900 can implementa server device, e.g., server device 104, and/or a duplicative datadetection device (e.g., 208), etc. In some implementations, device 900may be used to implement a client device, a server device, a duplicativedata detection device, or a combination of the above. Device 900 can beany suitable computer system, server, or other electronic or hardwaredevice as described above.

One or more methods described herein (e.g., 600, 700, and/or 800) can berun in a standalone program that can be executed on any type ofcomputing device, a program run on a web browser, a mobile application(“app”) run on a mobile computing device (e.g., cell phone, smart phone,tablet computer, wearable device (wristwatch, armband, jewelry,headwear, virtual reality goggles or glasses, augmented reality gogglesor glasses, head mounted display, etc.), laptop computer, etc.).

In one example, a client/server architecture can be used, e.g., a mobilecomputing device (as a client device) sends user input data to a serverdevice and receives from the server the final output data for output(e.g., for display). In another example, all computations can beperformed within the mobile app (and/or other apps) on the mobilecomputing device. In another example, computations can be split betweenthe mobile computing device and one or more server devices.

In some implementations, device 900 includes a processor 902, a memory904, and I/O interface 906. Processor 902 can be one or more processorsand/or processing circuits to execute program code and control basicoperations of the device 900. A “processor” includes any suitablehardware system, mechanism or component that processes data, signals orother information. A processor may include a system with ageneral-purpose central processing unit (CPU) with one or more cores(e.g., in a single-core, dual-core, or multi-core configuration),multiple processing units (e.g., in a multiprocessor configuration), agraphics processing unit (GPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA),an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a complexprogrammable logic device (CPLD), dedicated circuitry for achievingfunctionality, a special-purpose processor to implement neural networkmodel-based processing, neural circuits, processors optimized for matrixcomputations (e.g., matrix multiplication), or other systems.

In some implementations, processor 902 may include one or moreco-processors that implement neural-network processing. In someimplementations, processor 902 may be a processor that processes data toproduce probabilistic output, e.g., the output produced by processor 902may be imprecise or may be accurate within a range from an expectedoutput. Processing need not be limited to a particular geographiclocation, or have temporal limitations. For example, a processor mayperform its functions in “real-time,” “offline,” in a “batch mode,” etc.Portions of processing may be performed at different times and atdifferent locations, by different (or the same) processing systems. Acomputer may be any processor in communication with a memory.

Memory 904 is typically provided in device 900 for access by theprocessor 902, and may be any suitable processor-readable storagemedium, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM),Electrically Erasable Read-only Memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, etc.,suitable for storing instructions for execution by the processor, andlocated separate from processor 902 and/or integrated therewith. Memory904 can store software operating on the server device 900 by theprocessor 902, including an operating system 908, machine-learningapplication 930, other applications 912, and application data 914. Otherapplications 912 may include applications such as a data display engine,web hosting engine, image display engine, notification engine, socialnetworking engine, etc. In some implementations, the machine-learningapplication 930 and other applications 912 can each include instructionsthat enable processor 902 to perform functions described herein, e.g.,some or all of the methods of FIGS. 6, 7, and 8.

The machine-learning application 930 can include one or more NERimplementations for which supervised and/or unsupervised learning can beused. The machine learning models can include multi-task learning basedmodels, residual task bidirectional LSTM (long short-term memory) withconditional random fields, statistical NER, etc. Other applications 912can include, e.g., duplicative data detection, etc. One or more methodsdisclosed herein can operate in several environments and platforms,e.g., as a stand-alone computer program that can run on any type ofcomputing device, as a web application having web pages, as a mobileapplication (“app”) run on a mobile computing device, etc.

In various implementations, machine-learning application 930 may utilizeBayesian classifiers, support vector machines, neural networks, or otherlearning techniques. In some implementations, machine-learningapplication 930 may include a trained model 934, an inference engine936, and data 932. In some implementations, data 932 may includetraining data, e.g., data used to generate trained model 934. Forexample, training data may include any type of data suitable fortraining a model for named entity recognition and/or learnedhierarchies, such as text, images, audio, video, etc. Training data maybe obtained from any source, e.g., a data repository specifically markedfor training, data for which permission is provided for use as trainingdata for machine-learning, etc. In implementations where one or moreusers permit use of their respective user data to train amachine-learning model, e.g., trained model 934, training data mayinclude such user data. In implementations where users permit use oftheir respective user data, data 932 may include permitted data.

In some implementations, data 932 may include collected data such as mapdata, image data (e.g., satellite imagery, overhead imagery, etc.), gamedata, etc. In some implementations, training data may include syntheticdata generated for the purpose of training, such as data that is notbased on user input or activity in the context that is being trained,e.g., data generated from simulated conversations, computer-generatedimages, etc. In some implementations, machine-learning application 930excludes data 932. For example, in these implementations, the trainedmodel 934 may be generated, e.g., on a different device, and be providedas part of machine-learning application 930. In various implementations,the trained model 934 may be provided as a data file that includes amodel structure or form, and associated weights. Inference engine 936may read the data file for trained model 934 and implement a neuralnetwork with node connectivity, layers, and weights based on the modelstructure or form specified in trained model 934.

Machine-learning application 930 also includes a trained model 934. Insome implementations, the trained model may include one or more modelforms or structures. For example, model forms or structures can includeany type of neural-network, such as a linear network, a deep neuralnetwork that implements a plurality of layers (e.g., “hidden layers”between an input layer and an output layer, with each layer being alinear network), a convolutional neural network (e.g., a network thatsplits or partitions input data into multiple parts or tiles, processeseach tile separately using one or more neural-network layers, andaggregates the results from the processing of each tile), asequence-to-sequence neural network (e.g., a network that takes as inputsequential data, such as words in a sentence, frames in a video, etc.and produces as output a result sequence), etc.

The model form or structure may specify connectivity between variousnodes and organization of nodes into layers. For example, nodes of afirst layer (e.g., input layer) may receive data as input data 932 orapplication data 914. Such data can include, for example, dimensions ofa data source, e.g., when the trained model is used for named entityrecognition of data sources. Subsequent intermediate layers may receiveas input output of nodes of a previous layer per the connectivityspecified in the model form or structure. These layers may also bereferred to as hidden layers. A final layer (e.g., output layer)produces an output of the machine-learning application. For example, theoutput may be a set of labels for an image, a representation of theimage that permits comparison of the image to other images (e.g., afeature vector for the image), an output sentence in response to aninput sentence, one or more categories for the input data, etc.depending on the specific trained model. In some implementations, modelform or structure also specifies a number and/or type of nodes in eachlayer.

In different implementations, trained model 934 can include a pluralityof nodes, arranged into layers per the model structure or form. In someimplementations, the nodes may be computational nodes with no memory,e.g., configured to process one unit of input to produce one unit ofoutput. Computation performed by a node may include, for example,multiplying each of a plurality of node inputs by a weight, obtaining aweighted sum, and adjusting the weighted sum with a bias or interceptvalue to produce the node output.

In some implementations, the computation performed by a node may alsoinclude applying a step/activation function to the adjusted weightedsum. In some implementations, the step/activation function may be anonlinear function. In various implementations, such computation mayinclude operations such as matrix multiplication. In someimplementations, computations by the plurality of nodes may be performedin parallel, e.g., using multiple processors cores of a multicoreprocessor, using individual processing units of a GPU, orspecial-purpose neural circuitry. In some implementations, nodes mayinclude memory, e.g., may be able to store and use one or more earlierinputs in processing a subsequent input. For example, nodes with memorymay include long short-term memory (LSTM) nodes. LSTM nodes may use thememory to maintain “state” that permits the node to act like a finitestate machine (FSM). Models with such nodes may be useful in processingsequential data, e.g., words in a sentence or a paragraph, frames in avideo, speech or other audio, etc.

In some implementations, trained model 934 may include embeddings orweights for individual nodes. For example, a model may be initiated as aplurality of nodes organized into layers as specified by the model formor structure. At initialization, a respective weight may be applied to aconnection between each pair of nodes that are connected per the modelform, e.g., nodes in successive layers of the neural network. Forexample, the respective weights may be randomly assigned, or initializedto default values. The model may then be trained, e.g., using data 932,to produce a result.

For example, training may include applying supervised learningtechniques. In supervised learning, the training data can include aplurality of inputs (e.g., a set of images) and a corresponding expectedoutput for each input (e.g., one or more labels for each image). Basedon a comparison of the output of the model with the expected output,values of the weights are automatically adjusted, e.g., in a manner thatincreases a probability that the model produces the expected output whenprovided similar input.

In some implementations, training may include applying unsupervisedlearning techniques. In unsupervised learning, only input data may beprovided and the model may be trained to differentiate data, e.g., tocluster input data into a plurality of groups, where each group includesinput data that are similar in some manner. For example, the model maybe trained to identify schemas and dimensions of data sources, and/or tolearn hierarchies of dimensions of different data sources.

In another example, a model trained using unsupervised learning maycluster words based on the use of the words in data sources. In someimplementations, unsupervised learning may be used to produce knowledgerepresentations, e.g., that may be used by machine-learning application930. In various implementations, a trained model includes a set ofweights, or embeddings, corresponding to the model structure. Inimplementations where data 932 is omitted, machine-learning application930 may include trained model 934 that is based on prior training, e.g.,by a developer of the machine-learning application 930, by athird-party, etc. In some implementations, trained model 934 may includea set of weights that are fixed, e.g., downloaded from a server thatprovides the weights.

Machine-learning application 930 also includes an inference engine 936.Inference engine 936 is configured to apply the trained model 934 todata, such as application data 914, to provide an inference. In someimplementations, inference engine 936 may include software code to beexecuted by processor 902. In some implementations, inference engine 936may specify circuit configuration (e.g., for a programmable processor,for a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.) enabling processor 902to apply the trained model. In some implementations, inference engine936 may include software instructions, hardware instructions, or acombination. In some implementations, inference engine 936 may offer anapplication programming interface (API) that can be used by operatingsystem 908 and/or other applications 912 to invoke inference engine 936,e.g., to apply trained model 934 to application data 914 to generate aninference.

Machine-learning application 930 may provide several technicaladvantages. For example, when trained model 934 is generated based onunsupervised learning, trained model 934 can be applied by inferenceengine 936 to produce knowledge representations (e.g., numericrepresentations) from input data, e.g., application data 914. Forexample, a model trained for named entity recognition may producerepresentations of dimensions of a data source, or a model trained forlearning data source dimension hierarchies may produce representationsof such hierarchies. In some implementations, such representations maybe helpful to reduce processing cost (e.g., computational cost, memoryusage, etc.) to generate an output (e.g., a label, a classification, asentence descriptive of the image, etc.). In some implementations, suchrepresentations may be provided as input to a different machine-learningapplication that produces output from the output of inference engine936.

In some implementations, knowledge representations generated bymachine-learning application 930 may be provided to a different devicethat conducts further processing, e.g., over a network. In suchimplementations, providing the knowledge representations rather than theimages may provide a technical benefit, e.g., enable faster datatransmission with reduced cost. In another example, a model trained foranalyzing data sources to identify schemas and dimensions may produce aschema and one or more dimensions for a given data source. The documentclusters may be suitable for further processing (e.g., determiningwhether a document is related to a topic, determining a classificationcategory for the document, etc.) without the need to access the originaldocument, and therefore, save computational cost.

In some implementations, machine-learning application 930 may beimplemented in an offline manner. In these implementations, trainedmodel 934 may be generated in a first stage, and provided as part ofmachine-learning application 930. In some implementations,machine-learning application 930 may be implemented in an online manner.For example, in such implementations, an application that invokesmachine-learning application 930 (e.g., operating system 908, one ormore of other applications 912) may utilize an inference produced bymachine-learning application 930, e.g., provide the inference to a user,and may generate system logs (e.g., if permitted by the user, an actiontaken by the user based on the inference; or if utilized as input forfurther processing, a result of the further processing). System logs maybe produced periodically, e.g., hourly, monthly, quarterly, etc. and maybe used, with user permission, to update trained model 934, e.g., toupdate embeddings for trained model 934.

In some implementations, machine-learning application 930 may beimplemented in a manner that can adapt to particular configuration ofdevice 900 on which the machine-learning application 930 is executed.For example, machine-learning application 930 may determine acomputational graph that utilizes available computational resources,e.g., processor 902. For example, if machine-learning application 930 isimplemented as a distributed application on multiple devices,machine-learning application 930 may determine computations to becarried out on individual devices in a manner that optimizescomputation. In another example, machine-learning application 930 maydetermine that processor 902 includes a GPU with a particular number ofGPU cores (e.g., 1000) and implement the inference engine accordingly(e.g., as 1000 individual processes or threads).

In some implementations, machine-learning application 930 may implementan ensemble of trained models. For example, trained model 934 mayinclude a plurality of trained models that are each applicable to sameinput data. In these implementations, machine-learning application 930may choose a particular trained model, e.g., based on availablecomputational resources, success rate with prior inferences, etc. Insome implementations, machine-learning application 930 may executeinference engine 936 such that a plurality of trained models is applied.In these implementations, machine-learning application 930 may combineoutputs from applying individual models, e.g., using a voting-techniquethat scores individual outputs from applying each trained model, or bychoosing one or more particular outputs. Further, in theseimplementations, machine-learning application may apply a time thresholdfor applying individual trained models (e.g., 0.5 ms) and utilize onlythose individual outputs that are available within the time threshold.Outputs that are not received within the time threshold may not beutilized, e.g., discarded. For example, such approaches may be suitablewhen there is a time limit specified while invoking the machine-learningapplication, e.g., by operating system 908 or one or more otherapplications 912.

In different implementations, machine-learning application 930 canproduce different types of outputs. For example, machine-learningapplication 930 can provide representations or clusters (e.g., numericrepresentations of input data), labels (e.g., for input data thatincludes images, documents, etc.), phrases or sentences (e.g.,descriptive of an image or video, suitable for use as a response to aninput sentence, suitable for use to determine context during aconversation, etc.), images (e.g., generated by the machine-learningapplication in response to input), audio or video (e.g., in response aninput video, machine-learning application 930 may produce an outputvideo with a particular effect applied, e.g., rendered in a comic-bookor particular artist's style, when trained model 934 is trained usingtraining data from the comic book or particular artist, etc. In someimplementations, machine-learning application 930 may produce an outputbased on a format specified by an invoking application, e.g. operatingsystem 908 or one or more other applications 912. In someimplementations, an invoking application may be another machine-learningapplication. For example, such configurations may be used in generativeadversarial networks, where an invoking machine-learning application istrained using output from machine-learning application 930 andvice-versa.

Any of software in memory 904 can alternatively be stored on any othersuitable storage location or computer-readable medium. In addition,memory 904 (and/or other connected storage device(s)) can store one ormore messages, one or more taxonomies, electronic encyclopedia,dictionaries, thesauruses, knowledge bases, message data, grammars, userpreferences, and/or other instructions and data used in the featuresdescribed herein. Memory 904 and any other type of storage (magneticdisk, optical disk, magnetic tape, or other tangible media) can beconsidered “storage” or “storage devices.”

I/O interface 906 can provide functions to enable interfacing the serverdevice 900 with other systems and devices. Interfaced devices can beincluded as part of the device 900 or can be separate and communicatewith the device 900. For example, network communication devices, storagedevices (e.g., memory and/or data store 106), and input/output devicescan communicate via I/O interface 906. In some implementations, the I/Ointerface can connect to interface devices such as input devices(keyboard, pointing device, touchscreen, microphone, camera, scanner,sensors, etc.) and/or output devices (display devices, speaker devices,printers, motors, etc.).

Some examples of interfaced devices that can connect to I/O interface906 can include one or more display devices 920 and one or more datastores 938 (as discussed above). The display devices 920 that can beused to display content, e.g., a user interface of an output applicationas described herein. Display device 920 can be connected to device 900via local connections (e.g., display bus) and/or via networkedconnections and can be any suitable display device. Display device 920can include any suitable display device such as an LCD, LED, or plasmadisplay screen, CRT, television, monitor, touchscreen, 3-D displayscreen, or other visual display device. For example, display device 920can be a flat display screen provided on a mobile device, multipledisplay screens provided in a goggles or headset device, or a monitorscreen for a computer device.

The I/O interface 906 can interface to other input and output devices.Some examples include one or more cameras which can capture images. Someimplementations can provide a microphone for capturing sound (e.g., as apart of captured images, voice commands, etc.), audio speaker devicesfor outputting sound, or other input and output devices.

For ease of illustration, FIG. 9 shows one block for each of processor902, memory 904, I/O interface 906, and software blocks 908, 912, and930. These blocks may represent one or more processors or processingcircuitries, operating systems, memories, I/O interfaces, applications,and/or software modules. In other implementations, device 900 may nothave all of the components shown and/or may have other elementsincluding other types of elements instead of, or in addition to, thoseshown herein. While some components are described as performing blocksand operations as described in some implementations herein, any suitablecomponent or combination of components of environment 100, device 900,similar systems, or any suitable processor or processors associated withsuch a system, may perform the blocks and operations described.

Methods described herein can be implemented by computer programinstructions or code, which can be executed on a computer. For example,the code can be implemented by one or more digital processors (e.g.,microprocessors or other processing circuitry) and can be stored on acomputer program product including a non-transitory computer readablemedium (e.g., storage medium), such as a magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, or semiconductor storage medium, includingsemiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computerdiskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), flashmemory, a rigid magnetic disk, an optical disk, a solid-state memorydrive, etc. The program instructions can also be contained in, andprovided as, an electronic signal, for example in the form of softwareas a service (SaaS) delivered from a server (e.g., a distributed systemand/or a cloud computing system). Alternatively, one or more methods canbe implemented in hardware (logic gates, etc.), or in a combination ofhardware and software. Example hardware can be programmable processors(e.g. Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Complex Programmable LogicDevice), general purpose processors, graphics processors, ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), and the like. One or more methodscan be performed as part of or component of an application running onthe system, or as an application or software running in conjunction withother applications and operating system.

Although the description has been described with respect to particularimplementations thereof, these particular implementations are merelyillustrative, and not restrictive. Concepts illustrated in the examplesmay be applied to other examples and implementations.

Note that the functional blocks, operations, features, methods, devices,and systems described in the present disclosure may be integrated ordivided into different combinations of systems, devices, and functionalblocks as would be known to those skilled in the art. Any suitableprogramming language and programming techniques may be used to implementthe routines of particular implementations. Different programmingtechniques may be employed, e.g., procedural or object-oriented. Theroutines may execute on a single processing device or multipleprocessors. Although the steps, operations, or computations may bepresented in a specific order, the order may be changed in differentparticular implementations. In some implementations, multiple steps oroperations shown as sequential in this specification may be performed atthe same time.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:programmatically analyzing first data from a first data source todetermine a first schema of the first data source, the first schemaincluding one or more dimensions of the first data from the first datasource, at least one of the one or more dimensions of the first datafrom the first data source being a first time dimension;programmatically analyzing second data from a second data source todetermine a second schema of the second data source, the second schemaincluding one or more dimensions of the second data from the second datasource, at least one of the one or more dimensions of the second data ofthe second data source being a second time dimension; sampling a firstmetric based on a first time dimension of the first data source toobtain a plurality of values for the first metric that form a first timedata series, wherein the plurality of values for the first metric aresampled based on the first time dimension; sampling a second metricbased on a-the second time dimension of the second data source to obtaina plurality of values for the second metric that form a second time dataseries, wherein the plurality of values for the second metric aresampled based on the second time dimension; generating a firsttwo-dimensional aggregation of the first time data series having a timedimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of thefirst metric; generating a second two-dimensional aggregation of thesecond time data series having a time dimension and a dimensioncorresponding to aggregated values of the second metric; computing acorrelation value between the first two-dimensional aggregation and thesecond two-dimensional aggregation; and when the correlation value meetsa threshold, providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein programmaticallyanalyzing the first data source to determine the first schema of thefirst data source is performed using a named entity recognitiontechnique.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, furthercomprising identifying, using the named entity recognition technique,one or more of: at least one dimension of the first schema of the firstdata source that is similar to at least one dimension of the secondschema of the second data source, and at least one dimension of thefirst schema of the first data source and at least one dimension of thesecond schema of the second data source that provide different levels ofgranularity of a common dimension.
 4. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein computing the correlation value is performed usingk-means clustering.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,further comprising: repeating the sampling and generating for the firstdata source and the second data source using respective other metricsdifferent from the first metric and the second metric to generaterespective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregationscorresponding to the first data source and the second data source,respectively; computing respective correlation values between each ofthe respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations; andwhen one or more of the respective correlation values meet thethreshold, providing one or more additional indications of theduplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein samplingthe first metric based on the first time dimension of the first datasource includes sampling each value of the first metric; and whereinsampling the second metric based on the second time dimension of thesecond data source includes sampling each value of the second metric. 7.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein providing theindication of the duplicated data includes providing a recommendation ofa level of granularity of data to store.
 8. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, further comprising: identifying one or more entity toentity relationships based on the first schema and the second schema;storing the one or more entity to entity relationships in a library ofrelationships; and using the library of relationships to perform aduplication check for a third data source wherein the duplication checkfor the third data source comprises a check for duplicated data betweenthe third data source and the first data source or the third data sourceand the second data source.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim1, wherein providing the indication of the duplicated data includesproviding a user interface that includes a user interface element that,when selected, causes the duplicated data to be deleted from at leastone of the first data source and the second data source.
 10. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising: uponselection of the user interface element, deleting the duplicated datafrom the at least one of the first data source and the second datasource, wherein the deletion causes storage space utilized for storageof the first data to be lower than prior to the deletion.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein providing the indicationof the duplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource comprises: automatically deleting the duplicated data; andproviding a user interface that indicates that the duplicated data wasdeleted.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein theuser interface includes an element that indicates an amount of theduplicated data.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinproviding the indication of the duplicated data between the first datasource and the second data source comprises providing a confidence valuefor the duplicated data.
 14. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring instructions, the instructions when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to: programmaticallyanalyze first data from a first data source to determine a first schemaof the first data source, the first schema including one or moredimensions of the first data from the first data source, the first dataof the first data source further comprising a first time dimension;programmatically analyze second data from a second data source todetermine a second schema of the second data source, the second schemaincluding one or more dimensions of the second data from the second datasource, the second data of the second data source further comprising asecond time dimension; obtain first sample data from the first datasource wherein the first sample data includes a plurality of values fora first metric and a respective first time value having a first timedimension; obtain second sample data from the second data source whereinthe second sample data includes a plurality of values for the firstmetric and a respective second time value having a second timedimension, wherein the second time dimension is less granular than thefirst time dimension; aggregate the first sample data to generateaggregated first sample data comprising a plurality of values for thefirst metric, wherein the aggregated first sample data includes groupingrespective subsets of the plurality of values that are within arespective particular time interval; calculate a correlation valuebetween the aggregated first sample data and the second sample data; andwhen the correlation value meets a threshold, provide an indication ofduplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource.
 15. The computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein theparticular time interval corresponds to granularity of the second timedimension.
 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein thefirst time dimension is seconds, the second time dimension is minutes,and wherein the particular time interval is one minute.
 17. A systemcomprising: one or more processors coupled to a non-transitory computerreadable medium having stored thereon software instructions that, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processorsto perform operations including: programmatically analyzing first datafrom a first data source to determine a first schema of the first datasource, the first schema including one or more dimensions of the firstdata from the first data source, the first data of the first data sourcefurther comprising a first time dimension; sampling a first metric basedon a first time dimension of the first data source to obtain a pluralityof values for the first metric that form a first time data series, theplurality of values for the first metric are sampled based on the firsttime dimension; sampling a second metric based on a second timedimension of a second data source to obtain a plurality of values forthe second metric that form a second time data series, wherein thesecond data source has a second schema that includes one or moredimensions, the second data of the second data source further comprisinga second time dimension, and the plurality of values for the secondmetric are sampled based on the second time dimension; generating afirst two-dimensional aggregation of the first time data series having atime dimension and a dimension corresponding to aggregated values of thefirst metric; generating a second two-dimensional aggregation of thesecond time data series having a time dimension and a dimensioncorresponding to aggregated values of the second metric; computing acorrelation value between the first two-dimensional aggregation and thesecond two-dimensional aggregation; and when the correlation value meetsa threshold, providing an indication of duplicated data between thefirst data source and the second data source.
 18. The system of claim17, wherein programmatically analyzing the first data source todetermine the first schema of the first data source is performed using aNamed Entity Recognition (NER) technique.
 19. The system of claim 17,wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium has further softwareinstructions stored thereon that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform furtheroperations including: repeating the sampling and generating for thefirst data source and the second data source using respective othermetrics different from the first metric and the second metric togenerate respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregationscorresponding to the first data source and the second data source,respectively; computing respective correlation values between each ofthe respective additional pairs of two-dimensional aggregations; andwhen one or more of the respective correlation values meet thethreshold, providing one or more additional indications of theduplicated data between the first data source and the second datasource.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein providing the indication ofthe duplicated data includes providing a user interface that includes auser interface element that, when selected, causes the duplicated datato be deleted from at least one of the first data source and the seconddata source, and wherein the operations further include, upon selectionof the user interface element, deleting the duplicated data from the atleast one of the first data source and the second data source, whereinstorage space utilized for storage of the first data and the second datais reduced after the deleting.